A Systematic Literature Review of Inter-sessional Activities (SLR) in coaching practice: What can we learn from counselling and therapy?

Purpose
Although coaching is widely adopted in organisational and HRD contexts, inter‑sessional activities (IA) or “homework” activities carried out between sessions remain under‑examined. This study investigates how IA is applied in workplace coachingand assesses its effectiveness in enhancing programme outcomes.

Design
A systematic literature review was conducted across coaching and related disciplines,following the PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency and methodological rigour. The search identified 7 empirical studies in workplace coaching and 43 in therapy and counselling that met the inclusion criteria.

Results
Five themes emerged: (1) inconsistent terminology and definitions of IA, (2) evidence of positive effects on behavioural and attitudinal outcomes, (3) wide variation in the types of activities assigned, (4) mixed perceptions of IA among practitioners and clients, and (5) factors influencing clients’ adherence and completion.

Originality
This review is the first to synthesise empirical evidence on IA within coaching, revealing a substantial research gap despite practitioners’ routine use of these activities. By mapping existing findings and identifying conceptual ambiguities, the study establishes a clear agenda for future research and offers practical guidance on embedding IA within a strong coach–client working alliance to maximise coaching effectiveness.

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